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                <gco:CharacterString>Grape marc volumes have been estimated by using a conversion factor from the amounts that are listed as crushed in publicly available documents.  Grape marc volumes from crushed grapes can vary greatly, and a range of13 – 35% has been cited in the literature.  </gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>This data has used a conversion factor of 20% wet weight based on the following publications (Corbin et al., 2015; Ky and Teissedre, 2015; Mazza and Francis, 1995). Dry weight tonnes/yr was calculated using a dry weight percentage of 50%.

Crushed grape volumes are reported in broad categories and as a result volumes of grape marc that are actually produced may vary from what is reported. However, data should give a good indication of what is available at each location.


References:

1.    Corbin, K.R., Hsieh, Y.S.Y., Betts, N.S., Byrt, C.S., Henderson, M., Stork, J., DeBolt, S., Fincher, G.B., Burton, R.A., 2015. Grape marc as a source of carbohydrates for bioethanol: chemical composition, pre-treatment and saccharification. Bioresour. Technol. 193, 76-83.

2.    Mazza, G., Francis, F.J., 1995. Anthocyanins in grapes and grape products. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 35, 341-371.
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