Miocene volcanic seamounts on northern Lord Howe Rise: lithology, age, ferromanganese crusts, and origin

Multibeam sonar swath-mapping has revealed small submarine volcanic cones on the northeastern Lord Howe Rise (LHR), a submerged ribbon continent. Two such cones, aligned NNW and 120 km apart, were dredged at 23-24Degrees S. Water depth is about 1150 m nearby: the southern cone rises to 750 m and the northern to 900 m. Volcanic rocks dredged from the cones are predominantly highly altered hyaloclastites with minor basalt. The clasts are mostly intensely altered vesicular brownish glass with lesser basalt, in zeolitic, clayey, micritic or ferruginous cement. Lavas and hyaloclastites contain altered phenocrysts of olivine and plagioclase, and fresh clinopyroxene. The latter have compositions between acmite and Ti-augite, and match well clinopyroxene phenocrysts in undersaturated intraplate basanitic mafic lavas. Interbedded micrites in the volcaniclastics represent calcareous ooze that was deposited with (or later than) the volcanic pile. Foraminifera indicate that the oldest micrite is late Early Miocene (~16 Ma), and that the original ooze was deposited in cool water. Late Miocene to Pliocene micrites, presumed to be later infillings, all contain warm water forms. This evidence strongly suggests that both cones formed in pelagic depths in the Early Miocene. Ferromanganese crusts from the two cones are up to 7 cm thick and similar physically, but different chemically. The average growth rate is 3 mm/m.y.. Copper, nickel and cobalt content are relatively high in the north, but copper does not exceed 0.08 wt %, nickel 0.65% and cobalt 0.25%. The Mn:Fe ratio is high in the south (average 13.7) suggesting strong hydrothermal influence. Such small volcanic cones related to intraplate hotspot-type magmatism may occur in extensive fields like those off southern Tasmania. On Lord Howe Rise, the known small volcanic cones coincide with broad gravity highs in areas of shallow continental basement. The highs probably represent Neogene plume-related magmatism. The thick continental crust may dissipate and spread the magma widely, whereas plumes may penetrate thin oceanic crust more readily and build larger edifices. The correspondence of the ages derived from micropalaeontology and from extrapolating from nearby dated hotspot traces support such a genesis. Accordingly, gravity highs in the right setting may help predict fields of small volcanic seamounts.